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Country Education Tracker

Israel Education System Changes & Policy Tracker

Israel has a diversified education system covering early childhood, compulsory schooling, matriculation pathways, vocational and technological education and a regulated higher education sector. The Ministry of Education leads school governance, while the Council for Higher Education oversees academic institutions. Education tracking should pay close attention to sector differences, examination reforms, school calendars, digital learning policy and higher education regulation.

7Tracked Changes
2High Impact
2026-06-30Latest Update
5Active Areas

Country Education Profile

Official NameState of Israel
ISO CodeIL
RegionAsia
SubregionWestern Asia
Capital / SeatJerusalem
Compulsory EducationCompulsory education generally covers kindergarten through Grade 12, beginning in early childhood education and continuing through upper secondary schooling. Public education is provided through recognized school frameworks under national law and Ministry of Education regulation.
School StructureThe formal school system includes pre-primary education, primary education, lower secondary education and upper secondary education. A common structure is kindergarten, Grades 1-6 primary, Grades 7-9 lower secondary and Grades 10-12 upper secondary, although some schools use different grade groupings.
Academic YearThe school year typically begins on 1 September. Primary schools commonly finish at the end of June, while lower and upper secondary schools often finish earlier in June, with calendars adjusted for Jewish, Muslim, Christian and Druze holidays and sector-specific arrangements.
Main ExamsThe main school-leaving qualification is the Bagrut matriculation certificate, based on national examinations and school assessments in compulsory and elective subjects. Higher education admission may also use Bagrut results, institutional criteria and the Psychometric Entrance Test administered by the National Institute for Testing and Evaluation.
Higher EducationHigher education is overseen by the Council for Higher Education, which regulates recognized universities, academic colleges and teacher education colleges. The system includes public universities, public and private colleges, research degrees and professional higher education pathways.
Vocational EducationVocational and technological education is offered mainly through secondary technological tracks, practical engineering programs, vocational training institutions and work-based learning initiatives. Governance involves the Ministry of Education, higher education bodies and labor/economy authorities depending on the level and program type.
Digital EducationIsrael uses national and institutional digital learning systems, including Ministry of Education digital content, online services and government-supported platforms such as CampusIL for wider lifelong learning. Digital education policy focuses on continuity of learning, personalized learning, teacher capacity and educational technology integration.
GovernanceEducation is relatively centralized, with the Ministry of Education responsible for school policy, curricula, supervision, examinations and many public education services. Local authorities, school networks and sector-based streams also play important roles, especially across Hebrew state, state-religious, Haredi and Arab education frameworks.
International Student NoteInternational students mainly enter through universities and academic colleges, especially English-taught programs, exchange programs and graduate research tracks. Admission, language requirements, visa procedures, health insurance and security-related guidance should be checked directly with each institution and official government sources.
Last Verified2026-07-06

Latest Education Changes

Education System Statistics

Israel Education System Statistics

National education system data for Israel covering school structure, enrollment, teachers, education expenditure, exams, higher education, and selected OECD indicators. Source years differ because CBS, ministry, OECD, and authority datasets use separate collection calendars.

Coverage: National education system Data type: Official administrative data and OECD indicators Main authority: Ministry of Education System type: Ministry-led national system with local authority roles Source years: 2022/23, 2023, 2024, and OECD 2025 release

Education System Snapshot

Visible values use the source year named on each card. School-year, academic-year, fiscal-year, and OECD indicator years are not the same reporting period.

Compulsory attendance span
Age 3 to 16–17
Government of Israel education guide; kindergarten through grade 12
Primary and secondary students
1.96M
CBS, selected education data, school year 2022/23
Primary education students
1.14M
CBS, selected education data, school year 2022/23
Secondary education students
817,900
CBS, selected education data, school year 2022/23
School teaching staff
199,200
CBS, primary and secondary education, school year 2022/23
Day care and pre-primary children
896,000
CBS, children aged 0–7, school year 2022/23
National expenditure on education
NIS 148.9B
CBS, calendar year 2023
Education expenditure share of GDP
8.0%
CBS, national expenditure on education, calendar year 2023
Matriculation entitlement
81.0%
CBS, share of matriculation examinees entitled to a certificate, 2022/23
Higher education degree students
299,000
CBS, universities, academic colleges, and academic colleges of education, 2022/23
Adult vocational training students
97,100
CBS, courses supervised by the Ministry of Economy and Industry, 2022
International or foreign tertiary students
3.3%
OECD 2025 education indicators, tertiary education, 2023

Education System Pathway

The route below uses typical ages and grades. Local enrollment, school operators, and programme choices can vary by municipality and institution.

Early childhood and kindergarten
Ages 3–6
Pre-primary route; compulsory attendance begins at age 3 under the government education guide.
Primary education
Grades 1–6
Typical ages 6–12; Ministry of Education curriculum and school supervision.
Lower secondary education
Grades 7–9
Typical ages 12–15; also called intermediate school in many English source descriptions.
Upper secondary general route
Grades 10–12
Typical ages 15–18; students may sit Bagrut matriculation examinations.
Upper secondary vocational route
Grades 10–12
Vocational and technological routes operate alongside general upper secondary programmes.
Short-cycle tertiary and adult training
Postsecondary
Non-academic short-cycle tertiary education and supervised adult vocational training are reported separately by CBS.
Higher education
Bachelor’s, master’s, doctoral
Degree study is offered by universities, academic colleges, and academic colleges of education.

Governance and Responsibility

Israel’s school system is nationally steered, with local and institutional roles in operation, upper secondary provision, and admissions.

Ministry of Education

Responsible for educational institutions including kindergartens, schools, higher education, and non-formal education, according to the government portal.

Local authorities

Participate in operation and public expenditure. OECD notes that most upper secondary schools are under local government authority.

Central Bureau of Statistics

Publishes national education statistics covering expenditure, school students, teaching staff, higher education, and vocational training.

Council for Higher Education

Acts as the official authority for higher education and determines policy for the higher education system.

RAMA

The National Authority for Measurement and Evaluation in Education operates within the Ministry of Education and supports measurement and evaluation activity.

National Institute for Testing and Evaluation

Develops and administers testing services used for admissions and placement by higher education institutions.

Ministry of Economy and Industry

Reported by CBS as supervising adult vocational training courses included in the selected 2022 education data.

Institutions and schools

Higher education applications are submitted directly to institutions in OECD reporting; schools operate within national and local rules.

Reported Learners by Route

Selected CBS learner counts by school level, higher education, short-cycle tertiary education, and adult vocational training.

1.14M primary education students
817,900 secondary education students
299,000 higher education degree students
63,100 short-cycle tertiary students
97,100 adult vocational training students

The chart combines several CBS-reported education routes. Primary, secondary, and higher education values are from 2022/23; adult vocational training is from 2022.

Chart analysis
  • Primary education is the largest reported route in this set, with 1.14 million students.
  • Secondary education is reported at 817,900 students.
  • Higher education degree students are counted separately from short-cycle tertiary and adult vocational training.
  • Values should not be added into a single national total because the routes and source years differ.

National Education System Indicators

The table combines official national statistics, government descriptions, authority information, and OECD indicators. Each row gives its own source year.

Israel national education system indicators with source years and units.
Area Indicator Value Unit Source year Source Notes
System structure Compulsory attendance lower age 3 Age in years Current government guide page Government of Israel education guide Guide describes compulsory attendance from age 3.
System structure Compulsory attendance upper age 16–17 Age in years Current government guide page Government of Israel education guide Guide states kindergarten through grade 12.
System structure Primary education grades 1–6 Grades Government page accessed 2026 Government of Israel / Ministry of Foreign Affairs education page Formal education starts in primary school.
System structure Lower secondary grades 7–9 Grades Government page accessed 2026 Government of Israel / Ministry of Foreign Affairs education page Described as intermediate school in the government source.
System structure Upper secondary grades 10–12 Grades Government page accessed 2026 Government of Israel / Ministry of Foreign Affairs education page Upper secondary includes general and vocational routes.
Governance Main school authority Ministry of Education Authority Current government portal Government of Israel Government portal lists responsibility for kindergartens, schools, higher education, and non-formal education.
Governance Higher education authority Council for Higher Education Authority Current authority page Council for Higher Education CHE identifies itself as the official authority for higher education.
Enrollment Primary and secondary students 1.96M Students School year 2022/23 CBS Israel in Figures 2024 CBS selected data for schools.
Enrollment Primary education students 1.14M Students School year 2022/23 CBS Israel in Figures 2024 CBS primary education value.
Enrollment Secondary education students 817,900 Students School year 2022/23 CBS Israel in Figures 2024 CBS secondary education value.
Early childhood Day care and pre-primary children aged 0–7 896,000 Children School year 2022/23 CBS Israel in Figures 2024 CBS labels this as day care centres and pre-primary education.
Teachers School teaching staff 199,200 Teaching staff School year 2022/23 CBS Israel in Figures 2024 Covers school teaching staff in the selected CBS education data.
Teachers Pre-primary teaching staff 30,100 Teaching staff School year 2022/23 CBS Israel in Figures 2024 CBS value for pre-primary education teaching staff.
Teachers Teacher retirement rate 1.5% Percent of teachers 2022/23 OECD 2025 education indicators Fully qualified teachers leaving public pre-primary, primary, and secondary education; OECD country note excludes upper secondary education in Israel for this indicator.
Teachers Teacher resignation rate 0.6% Percent of teachers 2022/23 OECD 2025 education indicators Same OECD teacher-turnover indicator as the retirement row.
Finance National expenditure on education NIS 148.9B Current NIS Calendar year 2023 CBS Israel in Figures 2024 CBS national expenditure on education.
Finance National education expenditure share of GDP 8.0% Percent of GDP Calendar year 2023 CBS Israel in Figures 2024 CBS reports 7.9% for 2022 in the same selected data block.
Finance Education investment from primary to tertiary 6.1% Percent of GDP 2022 OECD 2025 education indicators OECD primary-to-tertiary education investment indicator.
Finance Government expenditure per student, primary to postsecondary non-tertiary USD 11,166 Equivalent USD converted using PPPs 2022 OECD 2025 education indicators Expenditure on educational institutions.
Finance Government expenditure per tertiary student USD 7,311 Equivalent USD converted using PPPs 2022 OECD 2025 education indicators Tertiary expenditure includes R&D in OECD reporting.
Finance Public funding share, primary to postsecondary non-tertiary 91.2% Percent of total funding 2022 OECD 2025 education indicators Before transfers to the private sector.
Finance Public funding share, pre-primary 90.0% Percent of total funding 2022 OECD 2025 education indicators After transfers, as reported by OECD.
Finance Public funding share, tertiary education 53.7% Percent of total funding 2022 OECD 2025 education indicators Before transfers to the private sector.
Learning time Compulsory instruction time, primary education 941 Hours per year OECD 2025 release OECD 2025 education indicators OECD annual compulsory instruction time indicator.
Learning time Compulsory instruction time, lower secondary education 1,002 Hours per year OECD 2025 release OECD 2025 education indicators OECD annual compulsory instruction time indicator.
Learning environment Primary school holidays 14.8 Weeks per year OECD 2025 release OECD 2025 education indicators All breaks combined in OECD reporting.
Learning environment Average class size, primary education 27.4 Students per class 2023 OECD 2025 education indicators OECD class-size indicator for primary education.
Curriculum time Primary instruction time for mathematics and reading, writing, literature 44% Percent of instruction time OECD 2025 release OECD 2025 education indicators OECD curriculum time category.
Curriculum time Lower secondary instruction time for mathematics and reading, writing, literature 24% Percent of instruction time OECD 2025 release OECD 2025 education indicators OECD curriculum time category.
Exams Matriculation examinees entitled to a certificate 81.0% Percent of examinees School year 2022/23 CBS Israel in Figures 2024 CBS selected data for matriculation examinees.
Student progression Grade 7–12 students leaving the supervised education system 15,800 Students During 2022/23 and before 2023/24 CBS Israel in Figures 2024 Under Ministry of Education supervision; excludes Jerusalem Arab students.
Student progression Grade 7–12 leaving rate 1.3% Percent of grade 7–12 students During 2022/23 and before 2023/24 CBS Israel in Figures 2024 Same CBS coverage as the student-count row.
Higher education Degree students in higher education institutions 299,000 Students Academic year 2022/23 CBS Israel in Figures 2024 Universities, academic colleges, and academic colleges of education.
Higher education First degree students 214,200 Students Academic year 2022/23 CBS Israel in Figures 2024 Degree-student subset reported by CBS.
Higher education Second degree students 65,500 Students Academic year 2022/23 CBS Israel in Figures 2024 Degree-student subset reported by CBS.
Higher education Third degree students 12,200 Students Academic year 2022/23 CBS Israel in Figures 2024 Degree-student subset reported by CBS.
Higher education Teaching diploma students 7,000 Students Academic year 2022/23 CBS Israel in Figures 2024 Degree-student subset reported by CBS.
Higher education First degree students at the Open University 46,300 Students Academic year 2022/23 CBS Israel in Figures 2024 CBS reports this value separately.
Higher education Degree recipients from higher education institutions 87,600 Recipients Academic year 2022/23 CBS Israel in Figures 2024 All institutions of higher education in the CBS selected data.
Short-cycle tertiary Students in short-cycle tertiary education 63,100 Students Academic year 2022/23 CBS Israel in Figures 2024 CBS labels this route as non-academic.
Short-cycle tertiary Short-cycle tertiary diploma recipients 18,500 Recipients 2022 CBS Israel in Figures 2024 CBS reports diploma recipients for 2022.
Vocational education Adult vocational training course students 97,100 Students 2022 CBS Israel in Figures 2024 Courses supervised by the Ministry of Economy and Industry.
International students International or foreign students in tertiary education 3.3% Percent of tertiary students 2023 OECD 2025 education indicators OECD country note, Table B4.3 reference.
Higher education progression Bachelor’s completion by theoretical duration 61% Percent of new entrants 2023 indicator OECD 2025 education indicators OECD notes that the 2023 completion data refers to students whose programme was expected to end in 2020.
Higher education progression Bachelor’s completion one year after expected end 75% Percent of new entrants 2023 indicator OECD 2025 education indicators OECD Table B5.1 reference.
Higher education progression Bachelor’s completion three years after expected end 79% Percent of new entrants 2023 indicator OECD 2025 education indicators OECD Table B5.1 reference.
Higher education progression First-year bachelor’s dropout rate 8% Percent of first-time entrants 2023 indicator OECD 2025 education indicators OECD bachelor’s progression indicator.
Adult skills Adults at or below Level 1 in literacy 38% Percent of adults aged 25–64 2023 OECD Survey of Adult Skills via OECD 2025 education indicators Survey-based indicator; not an administrative school count.
Attainment Young adults without upper secondary attainment 9% Percent of people aged 25–34 2024 OECD 2025 education indicators OECD attainment indicator.
Attainment Young adults with master’s or equivalent attainment 8% Percent of people aged 25–34 2024 OECD 2025 education indicators OECD attainment indicator.

Education Levels Table

Local names and ages are summarized in English. Age values are typical and should be read with the source notes.

Israel education levels, typical ages, grade spans, and governance notes.
Level Typical age Years or grades ISCED alignment Authority or governance Notes
Early childhood and kindergarten 3–6 Pre-primary ISCED 0 Ministry of Education; local operation roles Government guide describes compulsory attendance from age 3 and free public pre-kindergarten for ages 3–4.
Primary education 6–12 Grades 1–6 ISCED 1 Ministry of Education Government source describes formal education as starting in primary school.
Lower secondary education 12–15 Grades 7–9 ISCED 2 Ministry of Education Government source uses intermediate school for this stage.
Upper secondary general education 15–18 Grades 10–12 ISCED 3 general Ministry of Education and local authorities Bagrut matriculation examinations are the main upper secondary certificate route for examinees.
Upper secondary vocational education 15–18 Grades 10–12 ISCED 3 vocational Ministry of Education; Ministry of Economy and Industry for some VET areas Vocational and technological routes are reported separately from general education where sources define them.
Short-cycle tertiary education Postsecondary Non-academic short-cycle programmes Usually ISCED 5 when source-defined as tertiary Programme authority varies by route CBS reports 63,100 students and 18,500 diploma recipients in this route.
Bachelor’s or equivalent Postsecondary adult First degree ISCED 6 Council for Higher Education; higher education institutions CBS reports 214,200 first degree students in 2022/23.
Master’s or equivalent Postgraduate Second degree ISCED 7 Council for Higher Education; higher education institutions CBS reports 65,500 second degree students in 2022/23.
Doctoral or equivalent Postgraduate Third degree ISCED 8 Council for Higher Education; higher education institutions CBS reports 12,200 third degree students in 2022/23.
Adult vocational training Adult learners Course-based Depends on programme Ministry of Economy and Industry supervision for the CBS-reported course group CBS reports 97,100 students in supervised adult vocational training courses in 2022.

Exams and Transitions

Transition routes depend on school level, programme type, and institution rules. The rows below list nationally visible processes and source-backed authority roles.

Israel exams, assessments, and education transition points.
Transition Exam or process Typical stage Managing authority Purpose Source note
Kindergarten to primary School registration and progression Age 6 / Grade 1 entry Ministry of Education and local authorities Entry into primary education Government education pages describe the level sequence.
Primary to lower secondary School progression End of Grade 6 Ministry of Education and local authorities Move to intermediate school grades 7–9 Government education page lists primary grades 1–6 and intermediate grades 7–9.
System measurement National measurement and evaluation activity School-level and system-level evaluation RAMA Measurement, evaluation, and education data support RAMA describes itself as the professional body for measurement and evaluation in the education system.
Lower secondary to upper secondary Programme and school route placement End of Grade 9 Ministry of Education, local authorities, and schools Entry into general, technological, or vocational upper secondary routes OECD governance reporting describes ministry and local authority roles.
Upper secondary completion Bagrut matriculation examinations Grades 10–12 Ministry of Education examinations function Upper secondary certificate and higher education eligibility route CBS reports 81.0% entitlement among matriculation examinees in 2022/23.
Higher education entry Institutional admission; testing services where required After upper secondary or postsecondary preparation Higher education institutions; National Institute for Testing and Evaluation Admission and placement for higher education programmes NITE describes its role in admissions and placement testing.
Short-cycle tertiary completion Programme diploma Postsecondary non-academic programmes Programme authority varies Short-cycle tertiary qualification CBS reports 18,500 short-cycle tertiary diploma recipients in 2022.
Adult vocational training Course completion and vocational qualification route Adult learning Ministry of Economy and Industry for the CBS-reported course group Occupation-linked training CBS reports adult vocational training courses under Ministry of Economy and Industry supervision.

Public Funding Share by Education Level

OECD 2025 finance indicators for Israel, with public funding shares shown by level group.

90.0% pre-primary public funding after transfers
91.2% primary to postsecondary non-tertiary public funding before transfers
53.7% tertiary public funding before transfers

Funding shares use OECD definitions. Pre-primary values are after transfers; primary-to-postsecondary non-tertiary and tertiary values are before transfers.

Chart analysis
  • Public funding is above 90% in the pre-primary and primary-to-postsecondary non-tertiary level groups in the OECD indicator set.
  • The reported tertiary public funding share is 53.7%, so it is not definition-equivalent to the school-level share.
  • Funding shares should not be used alone as a measure of student outcomes.

Higher Education, Short-Cycle Tertiary, and Vocational Data

Higher education counts are separated from non-academic short-cycle tertiary education and supervised adult vocational training.

Israel postsecondary, higher education, and vocational indicators.
Route Indicator Value Unit Source year Source
Higher education Total degree students 299,000 Students 2022/23 CBS
Higher education First degree students 214,200 Students 2022/23 CBS
Higher education Second degree students 65,500 Students 2022/23 CBS
Higher education Third degree students 12,200 Students 2022/23 CBS
Higher education Teaching diploma students 7,000 Students 2022/23 CBS
Higher education Degree recipients 87,600 Recipients 2022/23 CBS
Short-cycle tertiary Students 63,100 Students 2022/23 CBS
Short-cycle tertiary Diploma recipients 18,500 Recipients 2022 CBS
Adult vocational training Students in supervised courses 97,100 Students 2022 CBS
Tertiary international mobility International or foreign student share 3.3% Percent of tertiary students 2023 OECD

Finance and Learning Environment Crosswalk

Finance values use source-defined units. OECD PPP-dollar values and CBS current-NIS expenditure values are not interchangeable.

Israel finance and learning-environment indicators with source-specific units.
Area Indicator Value Unit Source year Source Use note
Finance National education expenditure NIS 148.9B Current NIS 2023 CBS National expenditure measure.
Finance National education expenditure as GDP share 8.0% Percent of GDP 2023 CBS CBS national accounts-style indicator.
Finance Primary-to-tertiary education investment 6.1% Percent of GDP 2022 OECD OECD indicator scope differs from the CBS national expenditure row.
Finance Government expenditure per primary-to-postsecondary non-tertiary student USD 11,166 PPP-adjusted equivalent USD 2022 OECD Per-student expenditure on educational institutions.
Finance Government expenditure per tertiary student USD 7,311 PPP-adjusted equivalent USD 2022 OECD Includes R&D in tertiary education reporting.
Learning time Primary compulsory instruction time 941 Hours per year OECD 2025 release OECD Annual compulsory instruction time.
Learning time Lower secondary compulsory instruction time 1,002 Hours per year OECD 2025 release OECD Annual compulsory instruction time.
Learning environment Average class size in primary education 27.4 Students per class 2023 OECD Class-size indicator, not a student-teacher ratio.

Data Interpretation Notes

These notes define how the values should be read on a country profile page.

Source years differ

CBS school values use 2022/23, CBS finance uses 2023, CBS adult vocational training uses 2022, and OECD indicators use their own reference years.

Administrative and survey data differ

Enrollment, teaching staff, and expenditure rows are administrative or national-account values. Adult skills and attainment rows are survey or OECD indicator values.

Routes are not one total

Primary, secondary, higher education, short-cycle tertiary, and adult vocational training are separate reporting categories. Adding them without a defined method can double count or mix populations.

Finance is descriptive

Spending levels, funding shares, and per-student expenditure do not by themselves measure student learning, school quality, or institutional effectiveness.

Sources and Methodology

Israel Central Bureau of Statistics

Israel in Figures 2024 supports the CBS education values for students, teaching staff, national education expenditure, matriculation entitlement, higher education, short-cycle tertiary education, and adult vocational training.

Government of Israel education guide

Education guide PDF supports the compulsory education description used in the pathway and system-structure rows.

Ministry of Education government portal

Ministry of Education portal supports the ministry responsibility note used in the governance module.

Government education page

Education: Primary and Secondary supports the primary, intermediate, and secondary school structure description.

OECD 2025 education indicators

Israel country note supports OECD finance, instruction time, class size, teacher turnover, tertiary progression, adult skills, and attainment indicators.

Council for Higher Education

Council for Higher Education supports the higher education authority description.

RAMA

National Authority for Measurement and Evaluation in Education supports the measurement and evaluation authority description.

National Institute for Testing and Evaluation

About NITE supports the higher education admissions and placement testing description.

OECD Education Policy Outlook: Israel

Country profile PDF supports stable governance and assessment-role descriptions where a current official source did not provide the same English detail.

Method: values were retained only when a named official or high-trust source provided the figure or role. CBS values are shown in the source unit and source year. OECD values follow OECD definitions, including PPP-adjusted equivalent USD for per-student expenditure, percent-of-GDP finance indicators, and survey-based adult skills indicators. Rounded source values may not sum exactly. Source-year differences are shown in each table row instead of being converted into one artificial year.

Source-Year Crosswalk

This crosswalk explains the reporting year used for the main indicator groups.

Source-year crosswalk for Israel education system statistics.
Indicator group Source Collection type Source year Coverage Use in module
School enrollment and teachers CBS Israel in Figures 2024 Administrative and national statistical summary 2022/23 Primary and secondary schools; selected pre-primary staff and children count Snapshot cards, learner chart, main indicator table
National expenditure on education CBS Israel in Figures 2024 National expenditure measure 2023 National expenditure on education Finance indicators and source crosswalk
Matriculation and leaving rate CBS Israel in Figures 2024 Administrative education statistics 2022/23 and before 2023/24 Matriculation examinees; grade 7–12 students under Ministry supervision with stated exclusions Exams and progression indicators
Higher education and short-cycle tertiary CBS Israel in Figures 2024 Higher education and tertiary education statistics 2022/23; diploma recipients 2022 Universities, academic colleges, academic colleges of education, short-cycle tertiary education Higher education table and learner chart
Adult vocational training CBS Israel in Figures 2024 Course participation summary 2022 Adult vocational training courses supervised by the Ministry of Economy and Industry Vocational row and learner chart
Finance, instruction time, class size, teacher turnover, tertiary progression, adult skills, attainment OECD 2025 education indicators Internationally harmonized indicators and survey-based indicators Mostly 2022, 2023, or 2024 depending on indicator OECD-defined national indicators Finance chart, learning environment rows, higher education progression rows, adult skills rows
Methodological Safety Note

School-year, academic-year, fiscal-year, calendar-year, survey-year, and OECD indicator values should not be merged across definitions, sectors, or source systems without a stated method. National indicators may not reflect local, institutional, programme-level, or student-group variation.