India Education System Changes & Policy Tracker
India has one of the world’s largest education systems, with a federal structure involving central, state and board-level authorities. The system includes compulsory elementary education, board-based secondary schooling, a large higher education sector and expanding vocational and digital education initiatives. Education policy tracking should account for national reforms as well as significant state-level variation in calendars, implementation and examinations.
Country Education Profile
| Official Name | Republic of India |
|---|---|
| ISO Code | IN |
| Region | Asia |
| Subregion | Southern Asia |
| Capital / Seat | New Delhi |
| Compulsory Education | Free and compulsory education is constitutionally guaranteed for children aged 6 to 14, generally covering elementary education from Classes 1 to 8 under the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act. |
| School Structure | India’s school system is being aligned with the National Education Policy 2020 framework of 5+3+3+4: foundational stage, preparatory stage, middle stage and secondary stage. In practice, schools are commonly organized as pre-primary, primary, upper primary, secondary and senior secondary levels, with Classes 10 and 12 serving as major board-examination stages. |
| Academic Year | The academic year varies by state, board and climate region. Many CBSE-affiliated and private schools follow an April to March session, while several state systems operate calendars beginning around June after summer breaks. |
| Main Exams | Major examinations include Class 10 and Class 12 board examinations conducted by CBSE, CISCE and state boards, plus national entrance and eligibility tests such as JEE Main, NEET UG, CUET, UGC-NET and CSIR NET conducted or administered through the National Testing Agency. States and institutions may also run separate entrance or recruitment examinations. |
| Higher Education | Higher education is overseen by the Department of Higher Education under the Ministry of Education, with the University Grants Commission responsible for coordination and standards in university education. Technical, medical, teacher education and professional programmes also involve specialized regulatory bodies. |
| Vocational Education | Vocational and skill education is delivered through secondary schools, industrial training institutes, polytechnics, community colleges, higher education institutions and national skill-development schemes. National policy emphasizes integrating vocational exposure into school and higher education pathways. |
| Digital Education | Key digital education platforms include DIKSHA for school education resources and teacher support, SWAYAM for online courses, SWAYAM Prabha for educational broadcasting, and the Academic Bank of Credits for higher education credit mobility. |
| Governance | Education governance in India is shared between the Union government and state governments. The Ministry of Education sets national policy and centrally sponsored schemes, while states manage most public school systems, curricula implementation, recruitment and school calendars. Multiple school boards operate nationally and at state level. |
| International Student Note | India is relevant for international students in higher education, medical and technical education, language study, and scholarship-linked mobility. Admission rules vary by institution, programme, regulatory body and nationality, so official university and regulator guidance should be checked. |
| Last Verified | 2026-07-06 |
Latest Education Changes
CBSE Opens Class XII Supplementary Examination 2026 Registration (India, June 2026)
CBSE opened online submission of the List of Candidates for the Class XII Supplementary Examination 2026 through the Pariksha Sangam system. The circular covered eligible regular students in compartment and improvement categories.
CBSE Revises Class XII Post-Result Review Process and Fees (India, June 2026)
CBSE issued guidance for the Class XII 2026 post-result process covering verification of issues observed, re-evaluation, DigiLocker publication of revised records, inspection in no-change cases, and reduced fees. The guidance followed the opening of the online portal for verification and re-evaluation applications.
NTA Implements NEET (UG) 2026 Re-Examination with Fresh Admit Cards and Official Candidate Messaging (India, June 2026)
The National Testing Agency implemented the NEET (UG) 2026 re-examination process for 21 June 2026 and issued additional official communication safeguards for candidates. NTA stated that fresh admit cards were required and the earlier 3 May 2026 admit cards were no longer valid for the re-examination.
UGC Sets Final 30 June 2026 Deadline for ABC Credit Data Uploads (India, June 2026)
The University Grants Commission required all credit-awarding higher education institutions to upload Examination Year 2025 academic records and credit data to the NAD/Academic Bank of Credits platform by 30 June 2026. UGC stated that the upload window would close after the deadline, with fresh uploads no longer permitted except corrections in exceptional cases.
NMC Clarifies FMG Compensation, Internship and Registration Rules (India, June 2026)
The National Medical Commission issued frequently asked questions to guide implementation of rules affecting foreign medical graduates who completed compensatory physical training after pandemic- or conflict-related disruption. The guidance supports uniform handling of compensation certificates, internship requirements, and registration decisions.
NTA Confirms UGC-NET June 2026 Computer-Based Examination Schedule (India, June 2026)
The National Testing Agency confirmed the examination window for the UGC-NET June 2026 cycle in computer-based test mode. The schedule set the examination period from 22 June to 30 June 2026.
Monthly Change Archive
India Education System Statistics
This module summarizes India’s national education system using school administrative data, higher education survey data, official finance data, national policy documents, and high-trust government reports. Source years differ because school data, higher education data, budget data, and examination information are collected on separate reporting calendars.
Education System Snapshot
Values use the latest verified source year available for each source system. Crore and lakh are retained where they match Indian official reporting.
India School Pathway: 5+3+3+4 Structure
The National Education Policy 2020 describes a 5+3+3+4 curricular and pedagogical structure covering ages 3-18. The legal compulsory education band under the RTE Act covers ages 6-14.
Governance and Responsibility Map
Education is administered through Union, state, board, regulator, and institution-level roles. National data should be read with state and board variation in mind.
Ministry of Education
Leads national school and higher education policy, UDISE+, AISHE, national schemes, and Union-level education reporting.
States and UTs
Operate or regulate most schools, manage local implementation, teacher deployment, school calendars, and many school boards.
Boards and exam bodies
CBSE, CISCE, state boards, NIOS, NTA, and other bodies manage board exams, open schooling, and entrance testing routes.
Higher education regulators
UGC, AICTE, professional councils, universities, and accreditation bodies shape institutional rules, programme approval, and quality assurance.
School Enrolment by Level
Reported enrolment by level in UDISE+ 2024-25, shown in crore students.
The chart uses rounded level values from UDISE+ 2024-25 as reported in the NITI Aayog school education report. Rounded level values may not sum exactly to the national total.
Chart analysis
- Primary education has the largest reported enrolment at 10.43 crore students.
- Higher secondary enrolment is 2.76 crore, lower than secondary enrolment of 3.71 crore.
- Level values reflect school-year reporting and should not be combined with AISHE higher education totals.
School Provision by Management Type
Schools and students by management type, UDISE+ 2024-25.
Management categories follow UDISE+ source definitions. Counts represent recognized source categories and should not be treated as a school-quality ranking.
Chart analysis
- Government schools account for 10,13,322 of 14,71,473 schools.
- Private unaided schools report 9,58,56,710 students, compared with 12,15,89,911 in government schools.
- Government-aided schools are a smaller category by school count but report 2,47,61,526 students.
Gross Enrolment Ratio by School Stage
UDISE+ 2024-25 GER values for primary, upper primary, secondary, and higher secondary stages.
GER can exceed or fall below 100% because the numerator counts all students enrolled at a level, while the denominator uses the official age-group population for that level.
Chart analysis
- Primary and upper primary GER values are close: 90.9% and 90.3%.
- The reported GER drops to 78.7% at secondary and 58.4% at higher secondary.
- GER is an access and participation measure; it is not a learning outcome score.
National Education System Indicators
This table combines school administrative data, higher education survey data, policy structure, finance allocations, and transition indicators. Source years are shown separately.
| Area | Indicator | Value | Unit | Source year | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Governance | Education responsibility | Union-state shared | Governance model | Current law and policy | Ministry of Education / parliamentary replies | Most schools operate under state or UT administration, with Union-level policy and schemes. |
| Compulsory education | Age group covered by RTE Act | 6-14 | Years of age | Act in force | India Code / RTE Act | Free and compulsory elementary education applies to children in the 6-14 age group. |
| School structure | NEP school structure | 5+3+3+4 | Stage model | 2020 policy | National Education Policy 2020 | Covers ages 3-18 across foundational, preparatory, middle, and secondary stages. |
| School structure | Foundational stage age band | 3-8 | Years of age | 2020 policy | National Education Policy 2020 | Includes pre-school or Anganwadi years plus Grades 1-2. |
| School structure | Preparatory stage age band | 8-11 | Years of age | 2020 policy | National Education Policy 2020 | Usually aligns with Grades 3-5. |
| School structure | Middle stage age band | 11-14 | Years of age | 2020 policy | National Education Policy 2020 | Usually aligns with Grades 6-8. |
| School structure | Secondary stage age band | 14-18 | Years of age | 2020 policy | National Education Policy 2020 | Usually aligns with Grades 9-12. |
| Enrollment | Total school enrolment | 24.69 crore | Students | School year 2024-25 | UDISE+ | Includes pre-primary school through higher secondary as reported by UDISE+. |
| Schools | Total schools | 14.71 lakh | Schools | School year 2024-25 | UDISE+ | All management types in the UDISE+ school system snapshot. |
| Teachers | Total school teachers | 1.01 crore | Teachers | School year 2024-25 | UDISE+ | Teacher headcount reported in the school system dataset. |
| Management | Government schools | 10,13,322 | Schools | School year 2024-25 | UDISE+ | Government management category. |
| Management | Government school enrolment | 12,15,89,911 | Students | School year 2024-25 | UDISE+ | Students reported in government schools. |
| Management | Private unaided schools | 3,39,583 | Schools | School year 2024-25 | UDISE+ | Private unaided recognized school category. |
| Management | Private unaided enrolment | 9,58,56,710 | Students | School year 2024-25 | UDISE+ | Students reported in private unaided schools. |
| Management | Government-aided schools | 79,349 | Schools | School year 2024-25 | UDISE+ | Privately managed schools receiving public support. |
| Management | Government-aided enrolment | 2,47,61,526 | Students | School year 2024-25 | UDISE+ | Students reported in government-aided schools. |
| Management | Other management schools | 39,219 | Schools | School year 2024-25 | UDISE+ | Other source-defined management category. |
| Management | Other management enrolment | 47,24,533 | Students | School year 2024-25 | UDISE+ | Students reported in the other management category. |
| Level enrolment | Pre-primary school enrolment | 1.40 crore | Students | School year 2024-25 | UDISE+ / NITI Aayog report | Pre-primary school reporting excludes some early childhood provision outside school data. |
| Level enrolment | Primary enrolment | 10.43 crore | Students | School year 2024-25 | UDISE+ / NITI Aayog report | Grades 1-5. |
| Level enrolment | Upper primary enrolment | 6.36 crore | Students | School year 2024-25 | UDISE+ / NITI Aayog report | Grades 6-8. |
| Level enrolment | Secondary enrolment | 3.71 crore | Students | School year 2024-25 | UDISE+ / NITI Aayog report | Grades 9-10. |
| Level enrolment | Higher secondary enrolment | 2.76 crore | Students | School year 2024-25 | UDISE+ / NITI Aayog report | Grades 11-12. |
| Gross enrolment ratio | Primary GER | 90.9% | Percent | School year 2024-25 | UDISE+ / PIB Economic Survey release | Grades 1-5. |
| Gross enrolment ratio | Upper primary GER | 90.3% | Percent | School year 2024-25 | UDISE+ / PIB Economic Survey release | Grades 6-8. |
| Gross enrolment ratio | Secondary GER | 78.7% | Percent | School year 2024-25 | UDISE+ / PIB Economic Survey release | Grades 9-10. |
| Gross enrolment ratio | Higher secondary GER | 58.4% | Percent | School year 2024-25 | UDISE+ / PIB Economic Survey release | Grades 11-12. |
| Dropout | Primary dropout rate | 0.3% | Percent | School year 2024-25 | UDISE+ / NITI Aayog report | Primary school stage. |
| Dropout | Upper primary dropout rate | 3.5% | Percent | School year 2024-25 | UDISE+ / NITI Aayog report | Upper primary stage. |
| Dropout | Secondary dropout rate | 11.5% | Percent | School year 2024-25 | UDISE+ / NITI Aayog report | Secondary stage. |
| Teachers | Primary pupil-teacher ratio | 20 | Students per teacher | School year 2024-25 | UDISE+ / parliamentary annexure | Grades 1-5 PTR. |
| Teachers | Upper primary pupil-teacher ratio | 17 | Students per teacher | School year 2024-25 | UDISE+ / parliamentary annexure | Grades 6-8 PTR. |
| Teachers | Secondary pupil-teacher ratio | 15 | Students per teacher | School year 2024-25 | UDISE+ / parliamentary annexure | Grades 9-10 PTR. |
| Teachers | Higher secondary pupil-teacher ratio | 23 | Students per teacher | School year 2024-25 | UDISE+ / parliamentary annexure | Grades 11-12 PTR. |
| Transition | Primary to upper primary transition | 92.2% | Percent | School year 2024-25 | UDISE+ / NITI Aayog report | Grade 5 to Grade 6 transition. |
| Transition | Upper primary to secondary transition | 86.6% | Percent | School year 2024-25 | UDISE+ / NITI Aayog report | Grade 8 to Grade 9 transition. |
| Transition | Secondary to higher secondary transition | 75.11% | Percent | School year 2024-25 | UDISE+ / NITI Aayog report | Grade 10 to Grade 11 transition. |
| Higher education | Higher education enrolment | 4.33 crore | Students | Academic year 2021-22 | AISHE | All India Survey on Higher Education. |
| Higher education | Female higher education enrolment | 2.07 crore | Students | Academic year 2021-22 | AISHE | Reported female enrolment in higher education. |
| Higher education | Universities and university-level institutions | 1,168 | Institutions registered | Academic year 2021-22 | AISHE | Registered in the AISHE survey. |
| Higher education | Colleges | 45,473 | Colleges registered | Academic year 2021-22 | AISHE | Registered colleges in AISHE. |
| Higher education | Stand-alone institutions | 12,002 | Institutions registered | Academic year 2021-22 | AISHE | Stand-alone institution category in AISHE. |
| Higher education | Higher education GER | 28.4 | Ratio, age 18-23 | Academic year 2021-22 | AISHE | Population projection based on 2011 Census in AISHE reporting. |
| Higher education | Higher education teachers | 15.98 lakh | Teachers / faculty | Academic year 2021-22 | AISHE | Teacher and faculty count reported by AISHE. |
| International students | Foreign students enrolled in India | 46,878 | Students | Academic year 2021-22 | AISHE | Foreign nationals or students reported by responding institutions. |
| Distance higher education | Distance mode enrolment | 45.73 lakh | Students | Academic year 2021-22 | AISHE | Distance mode higher education enrolment. |
| Finance | Ministry of Education allocation | ₹1,39,289 crore | Nominal rupees, budget allocation | FY 2026-27 | Union Budget / PIB | Central government budget allocation; not total national education spending. |
| Finance | Department of School Education and Literacy allocation | ₹83,562 crore | Nominal rupees, budget allocation | FY 2026-27 | Union Budget / PIB | Central department allocation for school education and literacy. |
| Finance | Department of Higher Education allocation | ₹55,727 crore | Nominal rupees, budget allocation | FY 2026-27 | Union Budget / PIB | Central department allocation for higher education. |
Education Levels and Routes
Level names align official Indian stage language with broad ISCED reference points. Ages are typical and can vary by school, state, board, and admission practice.
| Level | Typical age | Years or grades | ISCED alignment | Authority or governance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Early childhood / pre-primary | Usually 3-6 | Anganwadi, pre-school, Balvatika | ISCED 0, where mapped | State systems, early childhood services, schools, and related ministries | School-based pre-primary enrolment is reported in UDISE+, while some early childhood provision sits outside school data. |
| Foundational school years | Usually 6-8 | Grades 1-2 | ISCED 1 start | State and school boards under national and state rules | Included in the NEP foundational stage with pre-school years. |
| Preparatory stage | Usually 8-11 | Grades 3-5 | ISCED 1 | State systems, CBSE, CISCE, and other boards | Part of primary education in UDISE+ level reporting. |
| Middle stage | Usually 11-14 | Grades 6-8 | ISCED 2 | State systems and school boards | Falls within the RTE age band for most students. |
| Secondary education | Usually 14-16 | Grades 9-10 | ISCED 3, local mapping varies | State boards, CBSE, CISCE, NIOS, and other recognized boards | Often ends with a Class 10 board or equivalent certification route. |
| Higher secondary education | Usually 16-18 | Grades 11-12 | ISCED 3 | State boards, CBSE, CISCE, NIOS, and other recognized boards | Often connects to university, professional, vocational, and entrance-test routes. |
| School vocational route | Usually secondary and higher secondary | Often Grades 9-12, where offered | ISCED 3 vocational, where mapped | School systems, skill bodies, boards, and state implementation agencies | Vocational provision varies by state, board, and programme. |
| Short-cycle and diploma routes | Post-school | Diploma or short-cycle routes | ISCED 4 or 5, depending on programme | AICTE, state technical boards, sector and professional bodies | Not all diploma routes are counted the same way in school and higher education datasets. |
| Bachelor’s or equivalent | Usually after Grade 12 | Usually 3-4 years, programme-dependent | ISCED 6 | Universities, UGC, AICTE, professional councils, and institutions | Admission rules vary by programme, institution, state, and entrance route. |
| Master’s or equivalent | Post-bachelor’s | Usually 1-2 years, programme-dependent | ISCED 7 | Universities and regulators | Reported in AISHE higher education data. |
| Doctoral education | Postgraduate level | Programme-dependent | ISCED 8 | Universities, regulators, and research institutions | Reported in AISHE by level and discipline. |
Exams and Transition Routes
India has national boards, state boards, open schooling, and entrance-test routes. There is no single national school-leaving exam for all students.
| Transition | Exam or process | Typical stage | Managing authority | Purpose | Source note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary to upper primary | School progression | Grade 5 to Grade 6 | State systems and boards | Continuation from primary to upper primary | UDISE+ 2024-25 transition rate: 92.2%. |
| Upper primary to secondary | School progression and board/state rules | Grade 8 to Grade 9 | State systems and boards | Entry to secondary schooling | UDISE+ 2024-25 transition rate: 86.6%. |
| Secondary certification | Class 10 board or equivalent examination | Grade 10 | CBSE, CISCE, state boards, NIOS, and other recognized boards | Secondary completion and onward stream selection | Board-specific data should not be merged as one national exam count. |
| Secondary to higher secondary | Board results, school admission, stream choice | Grade 10 to Grade 11 | State systems, boards, and schools | Entry to higher secondary general or vocational routes | UDISE+ 2024-25 transition rate: 75.11%. |
| Higher secondary completion | Class 12 board or equivalent examination | Grade 12 | CBSE, CISCE, state boards, NIOS, and other recognized boards | School completion and eligibility for tertiary or professional routes | Results are published by each board or exam body. |
| Engineering entrance route | JEE Main and related admission processes | After Grade 12 or equivalent | National Testing Agency and participating institutions | Engineering and technical programme admission route | NTA publishes public notices and result information for JEE Main. |
| Medical entrance route | NEET UG | After Grade 12 or equivalent | National Testing Agency and medical admission authorities | Undergraduate medical, dental, and related programme admission route | NTA NEET portal publishes notices and exam information. |
| University entrance route | CUET and institution-specific routes where used | After Grade 12 or equivalent | NTA, universities, and state/institution systems | Admission to participating higher education institutions | Admission method varies by university and programme. |
| Open schooling route | NIOS secondary and senior secondary examinations | Secondary and higher secondary equivalents | National Institute of Open Schooling | Flexible certification route for school-level learners | NIOS reporting is separate from most regular board systems. |
| Vocational certification | Board, state, sector, or institution route | Secondary, higher secondary, or post-school | Boards, states, skill bodies, and providers | Occupational or technical certification | Definitions vary by programme and source system. |
Higher Education and International Student Indicators
AISHE data use an academic-year reference period and should not be merged with school-year UDISE+ values without a stated method.
| Indicator group | Indicator | Value | Unit | Source year | Coverage note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Institutions | Universities and university-level institutions registered | 1,168 | Institutions | Academic year 2021-22 | AISHE registered institutions. |
| Institutions | Colleges registered | 45,473 | Colleges | Academic year 2021-22 | Affiliated and constituent college category in AISHE. |
| Institutions | Stand-alone institutions registered | 12,002 | Institutions | Academic year 2021-22 | Teacher training, nursing, polytechnic, PGDM, and other stand-alone categories as defined by AISHE. |
| Enrollment | Total higher education enrolment | 4.33 crore | Students | Academic year 2021-22 | All levels and modes included in AISHE reporting. |
| Enrollment | Female higher education enrolment | 2.07 crore | Students | Academic year 2021-22 | Female enrolment across higher education levels. |
| Participation | Higher education GER | 28.4 | Ratio, age 18-23 | Academic year 2021-22 | AISHE GER based on age-group population projection. |
| Teachers | Higher education teachers / faculty | 15.98 lakh | Teachers | Academic year 2021-22 | Faculty or teachers reported by institutions. |
| Teachers | Higher education PTR, regular mode | 24 | Students per teacher | Academic year 2021-22 | Universities and colleges together, regular mode. |
| Teachers | Higher education PTR, regular and distance together | 28 | Students per teacher | Academic year 2021-22 | Universities and colleges together, regular and distance modes. |
| Distance education | Distance mode enrolment | 45.73 lakh | Students | Academic year 2021-22 | Distance mode higher education enrolment. |
| International students | Foreign students enrolled in India | 46,878 | Students | Academic year 2021-22 | Foreign nationals or students in responding institutions. |
| STEM | STEM enrolment | 98,49,488 | Students | Academic year 2021-22 | Science plus engineering and technology streams at UG, PG, M.Phil., and Ph.D. levels. |
| STEM | Engineering and technology enrolment | 41,31,303 | Students | Academic year 2021-22 | Engineering and technology stream across reported higher education levels. |
| STEM | Science enrolment | 57,18,185 | Students | Academic year 2021-22 | Science stream across UG, PG, M.Phil., and Ph.D. levels. |
Source-Year Crosswalk
This table shows why India indicators in the same module may carry different source years.
| Indicator area | Primary source | Collection type | Source year | Use in module |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Schools, students, teachers | UDISE+ | School administrative data | School year 2024-25 | School counts, enrolment, teachers, management split, GER, PTR, dropout, transition. |
| System structure | National Education Policy 2020 | Policy document | 2020 | 5+3+3+4 pathway and stage age bands. |
| Compulsory education | RTE Act | Law | Act in force | 6-14 compulsory elementary education band. |
| Higher education | AISHE | Institution survey | Academic year 2021-22 | Higher education enrolment, institutions, teachers, GER, distance mode, foreign students. |
| Budget allocation | Union Budget and PIB release | Fiscal budget | FY 2026-27 | Ministry, school education, and higher education central budget allocations. |
| Board and entrance routes | CBSE and NTA portals | Exam administration records and notices | Varies by exam cycle | Transition-route descriptions without merging board-specific candidate counts. |
Data Interpretation Notes
The following notes define safe use of the indicators in this country module.
School and higher education years differ
UDISE+ 2024-25 and AISHE 2021-22 use different collection systems. School and higher education enrolment should not be added as one learner total without method.
Union allocation is not total national spending
The Union Budget allocation is central government spending authority. State budgets, local spending, household spending, and institutional revenue are separate finance streams.
GER is not a test score
Gross enrolment ratio measures participation relative to official age-group population. It does not measure learning achievement or completion quality.
Board routes are not one single exam
Class 10 and Class 12 certification is administered by CBSE, state boards, CISCE, NIOS, and other recognized boards. Candidate counts should remain board-specific.
Sources and Methodology
UDISE+
Used for school system totals, management categories, enrolment, GER, PTR, dropout, and transition indicators for school year 2024-25.
NITI Aayog School Education System in India Report
Used as a high-trust government report for UDISE+ 2024-25 level enrolment, management split, transition, and dropout readouts.
National Education Policy 2020
Used for the 5+3+3+4 school pathway and typical age bands for foundational, preparatory, middle, and secondary stages.
Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act
Used for the compulsory education age band and statutory elementary education note.
AISHE
Used for higher education institutions, enrolment, teachers, GER, distance mode, STEM, and foreign student indicators for academic year 2021-22.
AISHE Final Report 2021-22
Used for detailed higher education values, including 4.33 crore total enrolment, 1,168 universities, 45,473 colleges, 12,002 stand-alone institutions, 15.98 lakh teachers, and 46,878 foreign students.
Press Information Bureau: Economic Survey education release
Used as a government release confirming UDISE+ 2024-25 GER values for primary, upper primary, secondary, and higher secondary stages.
Union Budget and PIB education allocation release
Used for FY 2026-27 Ministry of Education, Department of School Education and Literacy, and Department of Higher Education allocation values.
CBSE and NTA official portals
Used for board and entrance-route identification. Candidate counts are not merged because India uses multiple board and entrance systems.
Method: Administrative school values are reported from UDISE+ 2024-25 and rounded where the source uses lakh or crore. Higher education values are from AISHE 2021-22 and use its academic-year survey definitions. Budget values are nominal Union Budget allocations for FY 2026-27 and do not represent total public and private education spending in India. Percentages, ratios, and counts retain their source definitions.
Indicators from different years, definitions, sectors, and source systems should not be merged without a stated method. School-year, academic-year, fiscal-year, survey-year, and board-exam values describe different parts of the education system.